The reliability analysis of vertically integrated protection devices is crucial for designing International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61850-based substations. This paper presents the hardware architecture of a four-in- one vertically integrated device and the information transmission path of each function based on the functional information transmission chain of protection dev... https://www.roneverhart.com/Black-flower-Reversable-Tote-Bag-E05728-FRS-RB0/